[comprehensive] Nine haze tips and family can easily deal with autumn and winter haze days

The haze is coming again! What is smog in the end? How to deal with hazy days? Does the haze and daytime windows work? Which type of filter should be selected to be more reliable?

Don’t worry, the Xi’an Health and Family Planning Commission reminds the public that they are familiar with the following nine haze tips and make it easy for the family to cope with autumn and winter haze!

Before understanding the little knowledge, we need to take a look at this picture:

Through a simple understanding of atmospheric pollution, we come to answer some common problems:

1. What is smog? What is the relationship between "fog" and "霾"?

"Mist" refers to a suspension consisting of a large number of tiny water droplets or ice crystals in the near-surface gas layer. The appearance of fog reduces visibility, which is often referred to as “fog” when the horizontal distance of visibility is less than 1,000 meters. According to the degree of severity of fog, there are mists and heavy fog. According to the different levels of fog visibility can be divided into light fog, heavy fog and dense fog. When the horizontal visibility is 1000 to 10000 meters, it is called light fog, and when the horizontal visibility is less than 1000 meters, it is called heavy fog, and the fog with horizontal visibility of 500 meters or less is called dense fog.

“霾” refers to a weather phenomenon in which the atmosphere is chaotic. As a result of scattering of sunlight, a large number of extremely fine aerosol particles (smoke, dust, salt particles, etc.) float evenly in the air. The atmosphere is cloudy and opaque, as if there is a thin curtain, and the horizontal visibility falls below 10,000 meters. Look at the dark objects in the distance, slightly light blue; when the background is bright (sky), the screen is light yellow, yellow or orange. There is a difference between dry and damp, the relative humidity of the former is generally less than 60%, and the relative humidity of the latter is greater than 70%.

Haze is just a simple and general statement of the weather phenomenon. Fog and jealousy are not the same thing. They are both distinct and related.

In general, the difference between fog and haze is mainly the size of the moisture content. Moisture content of more than 90% is called haze, and the moisture content is less than 80%. Between 80% and 90% is a mixture of fog and haze, but the main ingredient is niobium.

Can be seen to distinguish if the level of visibility of the target is reduced to less than 1000 meters, that is, fog; horizontal visibility of 1000 meters to 10000 meters, called light fog or haze; horizontal visibility of less than 10,000 meters, and is caused by dust particles, It's just ash or ash.

There are also differences in the thickness and color of the haze and fog: the thickness of the fog is only tens of meters to 200 meters, and that of the haze is 1,000 meters to 3,000 meters; the color of the fog is milky white, blue and white, and the haze is yellow, orange gray; fog The boundary of the area is very clear. After the "fog area," it may be clear skies, and the boundary between the temple and the surrounding environment is not obvious.

The two are linked. Saturation occurs when the air contains the maximum amount of water vapor. If the water vapor is more than the saturated amount, the excess will condense out and combine with tiny dust particles in the air to form small water droplets or ice crystals, which are suspended in the air layer near the ground and become fog. The lower the temperature, the less water vapor can be contained in the air and the easier it is to form haze. Fog itself is not a pollution, but the atmospheric environment in which fog is produced is in a relatively stable state. It is not easy for pollutants to spread outward, causing an agglomeration effect and making the pollution more and more heavy. Similarly, the combination of urban pollutants and low-level air vapour at low atmospheric pressure and wind conditions will also increase the degree of haze.

2. What is the relationship between smog and PM2.5?

Many people think that smog and PM2.5 are the same thing. In fact, PM2.5 is only one component of smog. The reason why it is easy to be confused is that PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) is the main component of helium, the greatest harm to the human body and the “culprit” of haze weather, so the key to haze control is to solve PM2.5. problem. Therefore, many news or articles will use PM2.5 as a synonym for smog, causing an error in the concept of the public. Compared with coarser atmospheric particles, PM2.5 has small particle size, large area, and strong activity. It easily attaches toxic and harmful substances (such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, bacteria, etc.) and contributes to the spread of disease and in the atmosphere. The long residence time and long transportation distance have a greater impact on human health and atmospheric environmental quality.

3. What is the relationship between air pollution, air pollution and indoor air pollution?

Air pollution, also known as atmospheric pollution, according to the definition of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), air pollution usually means that due to human activities or natural processes that cause certain substances to enter the atmosphere, show sufficient concentration and reach sufficient time, And thus endangering human comfort, health and welfare or environmental phenomena.

Indoor air pollution is a condition in which harmful chemical, physical, and/or biological factors enter the indoor air and have reached a direct or indirect, near-term or long-term, or potentially harmful effect on human physical and mental health.

In short, harmful substances from air pollution (air pollution) enter the atmosphere, endanger human health and the environment, while indoor air pollution causes pollutants to enter the interior and endanger human health. In addition, the types, sources and hazards of pollutants common to atmospheric pollution (air pollution) and indoor air pollution are also different.

4. Is there no pollution when closing doors and windows?

Indoor Air Pollution Source Outdoor atmospheric environment and human activities cause pollution (smoking in the kitchen, cooking in the kitchen, burning of gas stoves, use of air-conditioner refrigerators, and other kinds of household appliances, will all increase indoor air pollution. Among them, smoking is the most harmful Obviously, only one cigarette is smoked, and the concentration of PM2.5 in the room is increased by 5 times in 4 minutes.) And the invisible pollution sources in the indoor environment (interior decoration, accessories, wall paint, furniture, etc., no matter how good the quality Contains chemical substances, will increase the indoor air pollution).

Close doors and windows can only reduce the entrance of some air pollution. If there are many indoor pollution sources, it will still cause harm to health.

5. What are the measures for preventing and controlling air pollution?

In 2015, the new version of the “Environmental Protection Law” began to be implemented. The air pollution control industry is mainly aimed at industrial emission control. The main source of pollution comes from thermal power, steel, cement and a large number of motor vehicles. For the first three types of pollution sources, the majority of sulfides, nitrates, and dust in the exhaust gas are removed by processing the industrial waste gas before the target company discharges, so that the exhaust gas ultimately discharged into the atmosphere complies with relevant national standards. The treatment of automobile exhaust gas mainly depends on the upgrading of oil products, reducing the sulphur content in the fuel oil to achieve the purpose of reducing sulfide emissions.

In addition, in order to alleviate air pollution, relevant departments of Xi’an City will take down soil-related construction units under heavy pollution weather to stop work, motor vehicle tail number limit line, coal-fired industrial boilers will be suspended, all kindergartens, primary and secondary schools in the city will be suspended, and outdoor large-scale projects will be suspended. Activities, etc.

6. What can individuals do to prevent air pollution?

Go green and try to use public transport. Not burning. Reduce the behavior that causes air pollution, such as grilling.

7. How do haze days do personal protection?

Wear a mask and go back. Wash your face and bare skin immediately. When wearing a mask, replace the mask with a new one after the accumulated time exceeds 8 hours. Maintain indoor hygiene and reduce indoor pollution caused by human factors. There is less window opening during hazy weather, and it is not advisable to open the window for ventilation in the morning and evening. It is best to wait for the sun to come out and open the window for ventilation. Cooker hoods are used in kitchen cooking. Eat light drink plenty of water, should choose light and easily digestible and vitamin-rich foods, drink plenty of water, eat more fresh vegetables and fruits, so that not only can add a variety of vitamins and inorganic salts, but also play the lungs in addition to dry, dry Cough, spleen and kidney function. Eat less irritating foods, eat more pears, wolfberry, oranges, oranges and other Qingfeihuayu food.

When children go out, they can wear protective masks that are light, light and comfortable to wear. Can choose to have high dust-blocking efficiency, masks that can block fine particles below the micrometer can be closely attached to the face, prevent dust or pathogenic microorganisms from entering the close-fitting place, diet to the baby to do some lung-clearing meals, eat less irritating food Eat more foods such as tofu, milk, and vitamin supplements if necessary. Severe haze, many children have dry cough, itchy eyes and other symptoms. In the face of hazy weather, in addition to trying to minimize the children to go out, try to be indoors.

Pregnant women should take appropriate rest, reduce going out, wear masks, avoid excessive fatigue, ensure adequate sleep, and reduce psychological pressure. Eat more zinc-containing foods; supplement vitamins and increase the relative humidity of indoor air.

Patients with cardiovascular, respiratory, and eye diseases, especially those with dyspnea, and frail older adults, avoid going out in the early morning hours or attending rush hour or taking part in outdoor activities, reducing travel time, and going out. Always wash your face after you return. Drink plenty of water and watch for rest. If you feel unwell, go to the hospital.

8. What are the health hazards of air pollution?

The health effects of air pollution are classified into acute and chronic.

Acute hazards are mainly caused by rapid increase in the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere (especially outdoor air) in the short term (such as severe haze), acute poisoning caused by a large number of people inhaling pollutants, mainly as respiratory tract and eye irritation, cough , Chest pain, dyspnea, sore throat, headache, vomiting, heart failure, pulmonary failure, induced acute exacerbations of chronic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

Chronic hazards mainly include: (1) Chronic inflammation of the eye and respiratory system caused by long-term stimulation, such as conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, etc. Severely causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which in turn can lead to pulmonary heart disease. (2) The body's immune function decreased. In areas with severe air pollution, saliva lysozyme and secretory IgA levels were significantly decreased, and other immune indexes also decreased. (3) aggravate chronic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. (4) Allergic or allergic diseases are aggravated. Certain contaminants in the atmosphere such as sensitization may increase asthma, allergic rhinitis and other diseases. (5) To increase the risk of developing lung cancer, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified airborne pollutants, including particulate matter, as Class A carcinogens. A review article published internationally believes that, although air pollution generally contributes to cancer, The risk of occurrence is relatively low, but for lung cancer, atmospheric pollutants, especially particulates, often contain carcinogens such as benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and arsenic, which pose a high risk. In addition, international studies have also found that long-term air pollution is also associated with poor birth weight, premature birth, birth defects and other adverse birth outcomes.

In addition, air pollution can not only directly affect health, but it can also affect our health through long-term indirect effects, such as affecting solar radiation and microclimate, generating greenhouse effect, destroying the ozone layer, and forming acid rain.

9, how to choose the right mask?

The most common common cotton cloth, gauze masks, medical disposable non-woven masks, activated carbon masks and medical N95 masks on the market. Ordinary cotton cloth and cotton gauze masks can filter out most of the dust and particles, but there is almost no protection against PM2.5. Medical disposable non-woven masks have limited blocking effects on fine particles, which can block bacteria but not dust. Activated carbon masks have an activated carbon layer that has an adsorption effect, but it only acts on the odor-suppressing effect, and it has a poor anti-mite effect against particles. N95 is not a specific product name, it is a U.S. standard mask classification. "N" means that the mask can protect non-oily particles, "95" means that the mask's filtration efficiency is 95%. The non-oily particulate matter referred to therein includes coal dust, cement dust, acid mist, welding smoke, and microorganisms. Masks that meet the N95 and KN95 standards can filter more than 95% of PM2.5 particles in the atmosphere, effectively blocking their entry into the respiratory tract.

Whether or not the mask is properly worn will also affect the protective effect. After the N95 mask is worn, the metal strips on the mask should be pressed so that the mask fits the face shape. The airtightness of the mask should also be tested briefly. You can press on the mask and take a deep breath. When inhaling, the center of the mask should be slightly sunken. When you exhale, the gas should not leak from the edge of the mask. If it is not enough, you should re-wear or replace the mask. Disposable masks such as N95 should not be used repeatedly.

Elderly people, children, pregnant women, people with frailty, or people with respiratory diseases, cardiopulmonary diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases need to be cautiously worn. It is advisable to consult a professional doctor before use to avoid discomfort.