Small micro-ceramic enterprises, four big mountain tops are stable and difficult
2012 is the year of intensification of industry reshuffle, which has become the consensus of the ceramic industry. At present, under the dual pressure of China's economic slowdown and structural transformation of the ceramic industry, how do small and micro-ceramic enterprises – how many thousands of groups operate? What are the biggest problems they face? What are their future developments? Looking forward to? The reporter visited the small ceramics enterprise in Foshan, the largest ceramic building base in the country, listening to the voices of business operators and understanding the operation and survival status of small and micro enterprises occupying half of the industry. This topic attempts to present the current state of survival of small and micro enterprises in terms of cost, capital chain, support policies, and property market regulation.
There are countless small micro-ceramics in the country, and it is said that the peak reached more than 5,000. According to statistics from the industry, there are more than six or seven hundred small and micro enterprises in Foshan, the base of building ceramics. In 2012, when the domestic and international economic situation is grim, these enterprises are facing common problems: rising costs, difficult employment, difficult financing, fierce market competition, etc., and the reshuffle continues, and the small micro-ceramic enterprises that hold up half of the industry are encountering unprecedented Crisis.
"In the 1990s, I started this business. I have been in business for 15 years. This year's business situation is the most difficult in history. It is even more difficult than in 2008. The factory has been underemployed since the end of last year. Now it has basically stopped working. When talking to reporters, Huang Bo’s words in a ceramic exhibition hall of Foshan Ceramics Expo Center were full of helplessness. He told reporters about the various difficulties faced by the current enterprises: loss, difficulty in financing, high labor costs, and heavy pressure on taxes and fees. Finally, he said: "If you can’t keep going, just turn around. Anyway, keep a little bit of money, see if there is What industry can invest, and now the ceramic profits are getting thinner and thinner, it is too hard." He told reporters that he has recently prepared to invest in ceramic crafts collection with a friend.
During the interview, most of the operators said that the current situation is difficult. Many operators have such feelings. Some enterprises are suddenly dumped, and some are slowly suffering. However, many small business owners say that they are still "going to go". Some have a good time, especially for small and micro enterprises with unique products or high technical content.
Facing the harsh external environment, all the small and micro enterprises have crossed the sea and have their own magical powers. Mr. Huo, the general manager of a branded ceramics enterprise with a 200-square-meter exhibition hall in the Ceramic Exhibition Center, told this reporter that in response to the difficult situation, he made many changes this year: he began to attach importance to establishing sales teams and improving the technological development of enterprises. Innovative ability, more focus on improving the brand of the product. Even so, in a tough situation, when various pressures come in, his confidence in the future is still insufficient, but he can only choose to persist, even if it is hard to support, in order to stabilize the market and protect customers.
In 2012, the overall situation of the ceramics industry is not optimistic, labor costs are rising, corporate profits are declining, and the market is shrinking. Most small and micro-ceramic enterprises are facing life and death. During the interview, the reporter felt that most business operators showed insufficient confidence in the macroeconomic situation this year. Labor costs, financial costs, energy and raw material costs, no one does not rise, this upward pressure on the cost makes many small and micro enterprises unable to support, the company's investment income and confidence index decline.
In addition, the problems faced by small and micro enterprises are: the product technology is not high and the management method is outdated. Because of the weak external demand, for many exporting companies, the shrinking of the international market has directly affected the survival of enterprises.
Yin Hong, deputy secretary-general of Guangdong Ceramics Association, made a judgment on the ceramic industry: the ceramic industry will not have an oligarchic era. He believes that ceramic tile products are personalized products as a whole. Consumers have their own tastes and preferences, and they are very different. It is difficult to have oligarchs. The enterprise fully meets the individualized needs of consumers in terms of price, quality, brand, culture and style. In addition, the scale benefits of tile manufacturing enterprises are limited, not the largest and the most profitable. According to this view, we can believe that the existence of small and micro-ceramic enterprises is not only a long-term industry phenomenon, but also an inevitable result of the healthy development of the industry. Therefore, paying attention to the current situation of the management of small and micro-ceramic enterprises and the difficulties they face, we can also see the development trend and existing problems of the entire ceramics industry.
It is difficult to work with pressure, and the production cost is high.
"Now the price of raw materials for ceramics manufacturing is much higher than before; the wages of workers are doubling up, so please don't afford them." Huang Bo described the difficulties he encountered in his current business. "The market is not good, the competition is so fierce, the days are very sad."
In the process of transformation and upgrading of the whole industry, the labor resources in the labor-intensive micro-ceramic enterprises have been the most affected. The biggest problem facing these small and micro enterprises is that the proportion of employees is very high, while technological innovation enterprises are facing The challenge is how to retain high-tech talent and prevent people from moving frequently.
The government's attention to the industry tends to focus on large and medium-sized enterprises. Large and medium-sized enterprises often have unified industrial parks, while the layout of small and micro enterprises is disorderly, scattered and scattered, and the needles are placed in the factory site for optimal design, equipment investment and production. The investment in living facilities and other aspects are also striving for streamlining, resulting in the production environment and living environment of most small and micro enterprises being relatively simple. This affects the attractiveness of small and micro enterprises to technical and management talents to a certain extent. The common difficulties of small micro-ceramic enterprises.
Since this year, rising prices have led to an increase in the cost of living for workers, which has led to an increase in wages for workers. The state has strengthened the protection of workers' welfare and increased the awareness of workers' welfare; the associated costs of employees' expenditures outside the basic salary have also increased significantly. In addition, most business owners complain that employees who have spent money and energy to cultivate can't stay, and frequent employee turnover directly leads to higher costs for personnel maintenance.
Some business operators have suggested that in the current situation of small and micro enterprises facing operational difficulties, in order to solve the problem of labor difficulties, it is not possible to simply hand over the labor costs to small and micro enterprises. They hope that the government can provide more perfect social security, reduce the pressure on employees in housing, medical care, etc., in order to change the status of employees who are pursuing high income or only willing to enter large enterprises, and cultivate employees' loyalty to small and micro enterprises.
In addition, the rapid increase in production costs of enterprises has increased the pressure on business. Huang Boss listed the various expenses involved in the operation of the company: the cost of industrial and commercial inspection, the cost of testing the enterprise by the technical supervision bureau, the sanitation fee, the joint defense fee of the police station, Environmental sewage charges, although the cost of a single department is not much, but the various names have accumulated a lot of years.
The ceramic industry is a high-energy-consuming industry. The cost of energy, raw materials and other factors is rising too fast, which has forced many small and micro-enterprise profit margins that were originally at the low end of the industrial chain to be exhausted. Especially in the current situation of serious inflation, the price of raw materials has soared, making many small and micro enterprises unprepared.
Pressure two financing is difficult, the capital chain is tense
Recently, Mr. Zheng, the owner of a small-scale ceramics enterprise in Nanzhuang, Foshan, is wondering how he can raise a sum of money to expand production scale. He told reporters that his company's products in the third- and fourth-tier markets have been sold for many years. Although this year has also been affected by the big environment, there is still some growth. Now I want to expand production capacity and buy a piece of land to prepare for the construction of the factory. The funds are a bit nervous. He has ran five or six banks in the past six months, but he has not been able to lend to the required construction funds.
In fact, this is a relatively common phenomenon. Once the founders of most small and micro enterprises have to further expand their scale, enterprises will often encounter the problem of shortage of funds. Many small enterprises are faced with such problems. At the same time, small and micro enterprises must use cash to purchase raw materials, pay wages, pay taxes, pay for electricity, etc. These are unsustainable, because once arrears, the daily business of the company is immediately affected.
Another widespread phenomenon is that the large-scale enterprises default on the payment of small and micro enterprises also increase the operating costs of small and micro enterprises, and some enterprises have serious triangular debts. Some small and micro enterprises, especially small and micro enterprises that produce products for large and medium-sized local enterprises, reflect that large enterprises have a strong position in settlement, their payment process is long and complicated, and sometimes deliberately delayed, so the payment period Longer, they are unable to pay their upstream enterprises' payment in time, forming a new triangular debt phenomenon, which seriously affects their production and operation.
According to a sample survey conducted by the media, the current production and operation funds of small and micro enterprises are mainly self-raised, and the proportion of bank borrowers and other methods is less than one-third. This part of the enterprises mainly through private lending and internal fund-raising. Way financing. The financing channels of small and micro enterprises are extremely narrow, relying mainly on the borrowing of relatives and friends and the credit of suppliers to solve the problem of corporate funds. The proportion of bank support is small.
Even if the loan is successful, there are still many problems: the loan interest rate is too high, and almost all the profits are used to pay interest; most loans require fixed assets mortgage, cars and houses are the most common mortgage items; some enterprises without fixed assets The main loan is difficult, the loan procedures are too cumbersome, the bank has many standards for review, and the change is fast; the guarantee company has different standards, and the fees are not uniformly regulated; the bank's new products and services, small and micro enterprises have nowhere to know, and the enterprises and banks Don't understand, wait. These factors are superimposed, causing companies to finally give up their loans and turn to self-financing.
However, banks are reluctant to lend to small and micro enterprises. They also have their own reasons: The most important reason is that the internal management of small and micro enterprises is not perfect, lacking long-term enterprise planning, complete and sound financial system and reliable collateral, and information asymmetry. The bank's assessment of the risk of small and micro enterprises; secondly, the contribution of small and micro enterprises to the bank's operating cost-to-income ratio is low, the number of small and micro enterprises is small, the scale is small, the bank research and service costs are too high, and the input and output benefits are poor. It is difficult to continue; in addition, the overall credit environment of the society needs to be improved, and the credit system of small and micro enterprises has not yet been established, which has affected the bank's assessment of the credit of small and micro enterprises.
The state has also adopted some policy measures for the difficulty of small and micro enterprises to borrow loans. For example, the State Council determined various fiscal, taxation and financial support policies at the October 12 meeting of the 2011 meeting, requiring all regions and relevant departments to study and formulate Supporting policy measures to create a favorable environment conducive to the development of small and micro enterprises. However, existing commercial banks are still difficult to provide comprehensive financial services to small and micro enterprises on a large scale. The loan requirements for small enterprises are usually more cautious. Mr. Li, the person in charge of a small and micro enterprise in a country with a big bank, told reporters that “when the economy is down, many companies will not expand. For high-quality enterprises, banks are competing for loans and inter-bank competition. Very intense. For small and micro enterprises without collateral, banks generally do not dare to lend."
With the advancement of national policies, some banks have actively improved cooperation with small enterprises. For example, Guangfa Bank has taken measures to improve risk management and control according to the characteristics of small and micro enterprises, and adopted tolerance for small and micro enterprises in terms of bad tolerance. Different from large corporate customers, the tolerance for small and micro enterprises has increased to a tolerance level of 2.5%. These measures are conducive to improving the enthusiasm of small and micro enterprises, and will play an important role in alleviating the pressure on the capital chain of small and micro enterprises. effect.
The pressure of three taxes is high, and the preferential policies are difficult to implement.
Since October last year, the state has issued a series of policies to support small and micro enterprises. It is said that the funds provided by the central government for the SME development fund reached 15 billion yuan, but this exciting news did not bring more small ceramic enterprises in Foshan. confidence. In recent years, the industry has been undergoing transformation and upgrading. The state is demanding energy conservation and emission reduction for the heavily polluting and high-energy ceramic industry. The new technology, new technology and new equipment are a big burden for small and micro-ceramic enterprises with insufficient financial strength. . As the owner of a ceramics enterprise in the Huaxia Ceramics Industry Base said: "National preferential policies are not applicable to our small ceramic enterprises, and they are not targeted, and many of them are not in place."
Many Tao enterprise bosses complained: For many years, the tax burden of small and micro enterprises has been too high. There are many types of tax-related enterprises, and there are many payment items. The preferential policies for tax reduction and exemption are difficult to implement, and the enterprises actually get less benefits. For example, in the most important plant land of enterprises, the government's willingness to allocate land to large and medium-sized enterprises rather than small and micro enterprises has caused many small and micro enterprises to be dissatisfied. The entry of small and micro enterprises into industrial parks is also faced with the limitation of investment intensity. Land restrictions have become a bottleneck for their continued development and expansion. Even media reports have been made. Some small and micro enterprises have failed to pay for land certificates after payment of land purchases. , affecting enterprises to increase capital and expand production.
Some people in the industry have calculated an account: At present, the average profit of small and micro enterprises is only 1%-3%, and the tax burden is increasing by 20%-40% every year. The pressure of tax burden is directly on the pressure of business operation. As a result of excessive tax burden, some small and micro enterprises have adopted various means to evade taxes. This not only deviates from the existing tax system, but further hinders the establishment of the entire micro-enterprise credit system, which makes it impossible for enterprises to raise funds through sound credit.
The introduction of policies is too intensive, which affects the implementation of policies and the actual role to some extent. Many small and micro-enterprise owners also report that the promotion of policies by governments at all levels is not in place, and it is also the reason that affects the effectiveness of policies. The state has issued many policies and guidance for supporting small and micro enterprises. However, many small and micro enterprises do not understand these policies. Many operators simply do not know which preferential policies are applicable to their own enterprises. This situation arises on the one hand because some business owners are not paying enough attention to policies, and on the other hand, the interaction between the government and small and micro enterprises is still insufficient.
Ceramics is the business card of Foshan, but most people only pay attention to the first-line brands and leading enterprises. In recent years, the “shuffling†is said to be “washed outâ€, and many small and micro enterprises have no development potential, but now the Foshan government has begun to pay attention. To the dilemma of small and micro-ceramic enterprises, as the country accelerated the pilot work of changing the business tax to VAT, local CPPCC members in Foshan began to speak for small micro-ceramic enterprises, and proposed to relax the corporate loan issuance policy and tax policy, suggesting that the government pay attention to small and medium-sized enterprises. Business difficulties. The state has gradually begun to implement structural tax cuts. Among them, increasing the tax support for small and micro enterprises is reflected in raising the threshold for value-added tax and business tax for small and micro enterprises: reducing the enterprise income tax policy for small and micro enterprises to half. At the end of 2015, the scope will be expanded; the eligible national SME public technology service demonstration platform will be included in the scope of the preferential tax policy for import and export of science and technology products. And what kind of role these measures play in small micro-ceramic enterprises still needs time to prove.
The pressure of the four markets is cold, the property market regulation is the main cause
According to industry statistics, from the sales situation, the sales of the entire ceramics market in the first half of 2012 decreased slightly on the basis of basically flat, the sales decreased more than the increase, and the proportion of high growth was the smallest. Some factories have not started work for several months because of poor sales. At the same time, the profit margin of small and micro-ceramic enterprises is also decreasing. The proportion of companies with low profit margins, non-profits and losses has more than one-third. At the end of 2011, Wang Jianxiang, deputy director of the SMEs Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the heads of relevant departments of the National Development and Reform Commission and the People's Bank of China, conducted research on the production and operation of small and medium-sized enterprises in Guangdong and Fujian, said that the profit margin of micro-enterprises in the manufacturing industry has been extremely low. The rising cost of each link is putting a lot of pressure on the traditional industry. The decrease in profit rate indicates that there is limited room for profit growth of small and micro-ceramic enterprises, and the development momentum of enterprises is insufficient.
The low-price competition and labor costs experienced by some export-oriented ceramic enterprises in Foshan have turned to lower profits and the number of orders has been decreasing. According to the data of the General Administration of Customs, the total value of Guangdong's import and export trade increased by 5% from January to May this year, which was lower than the national growth rate by 2.7 percentage points, but exports to the EU still declined. At the same time, the short-term phenomenon of export orders is obvious, mainly due to the large fluctuations in raw material prices and the instability of the expected appreciation of the RMB exchange rate, which increases the risk of companies receiving long orders and large orders.
For most small and micro-ceramic enterprises based on the domestic market, the main reason for the cold talk of the market is the strict regulation of the country on real estate. As we all know, the national real estate control policy has been more than two years, its severity is rare in the world, the policy of restricting purchases and limiting loans is unique, but the industry believes that the effect of high housing price regulation is not obvious, but related sales and real estate new The start of construction has fallen sharply. This is directly reflected in the real estate downstream industry building ceramic market, which is the rapid decline of market demand. The market's shrinking direct impact is also the weakest micro-ceramic enterprise with the weakest anti-risk ability.
Boss Chen of a ceramics factory in Nanzhuang, Foshan, remembered the good days of four years ago. He told reporters that as long as the products are not sold out, many brands have found him to be OEM and have high profits. However, since the end of last year, the factory's inventory has remained high, and now it has not been resolved, and the market has shrunk too much. With the shuffling of the market, the boss feels that his factory is about to be washed away. He has watched the implementation of the regulation for two years, and his peers have fallen and changed a lot. Some factories People went to the building overnight.
Chen Boss did not understand why the hard-working bricks were more and more difficult to sell. It is obvious that the people need housing, and the decoration needs bricks. Why is there no one to buy a house after the regulation? No one has renovated it. Although the state regulation emphasizes strict implementation, it has not been relaxed yet, but the voice of doubt has always existed, and the property control policy has seriously affected the development of the building materials industry. Shen Jianguang, a columnist of the Financial Times Chinese website in the United Kingdom, believes that it is necessary to reflect on the regulatory policies at this time and recognize the misunderstandings in the policies to promote the healthy development of the Chinese real estate market and the real economy in the future.
He asked a question: Is the regulation target clear? Is it to regulate housing prices or regulate market demand? If the regulation target is not clear, it will not be effective. He believes that the fact that people of different income classes buy houses of different price and size should be recognized. The average house price and average income level are used to measure whether the house price is too high and the reality is different. The house price bubble does exist for middle and lower income families, but The luxury market has a small bubble, and it is difficult to achieve the desired results with a one-size-fits-all policy. For low- and middle-income groups, housing prices are extremely high, and diverticulum is hard to find. Even if house prices fall, it is difficult to have the ability to buy houses. Therefore, the direct compression is the market that is just needed, not just the demand for speculative investment.
From this point of view, as long as the policies of the property market regulation are not subdivided and targeted, the market fundamentals of real estate will not improve, and the downstream ceramics building materials market is not likely to be optimistic as a whole. Statistics from the National Bureau of Statistics show that from January to May this year, the residential construction area decreased by 8.2% year-on-year, and the sales area fell by 13.5% year-on-year. The demand side was suppressed and the supply side shrank. This made it difficult to support investment and imbalance between supply and demand. . Although the property market in May and June has a certain warming, it does not indicate the overall recovery of the market, but rather the danger signal of imbalance control.
Shen Jianguang believes that the decline in real estate investment has led to a rapid decline in related consumption and fixed asset investment. Looking back at the Chinese real estate market in recent years, it can be seen that real estate policies change frequently, and sometimes too tight and sometimes too loose. In recent years, the policy changes have been too large, lacking a long-term mechanism, and the policy of change or even near reversal is extremely unfavorable to the economic development of enterprises, and it is worthy of reflection.
As an important part of the industry, the development of small and micro-ceramic enterprises is also closely related to the regulation of the country's property market. Only in an overall healthy and stable upstream industrial environment, it is possible for small and micro-ceramic enterprises to find their own accurate market objectives, and to better adjust their own structure and production management, and embark on a healthy development track.
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