The current state of China's photovoltaic industry is very similar to the state of the rare earth industry a few years ago. Rare earths are also known as "industrial MSG", "industrial vitamins", "mother of new materials", "gold in the 21st century", etc. From these nicknames, we can see how important rare earth is to modern industry. China has the world's most abundant and most diverse rare earth resources, which cannot be said to be a gift from nature to China. Due to historical reasons, China lacks strategic planning and overall arrangement for the development and utilization of rare earth resources, forming a chaotic situation in which central enterprises, local enterprises, township enterprises, and private long-term participation in development, and wastes resources. At the same time, the excessively dispersed pattern and the current “local management-based” regulatory system have provided sufficient space for many rare earth enterprises to operate illegally. Coupled with the lack of trust between companies, China's rare earth companies often compete to rush to price. According to statistics, when the price of rare earth is low, the profit rate of domestic rare earth enterprises is generally only 1%-5%. Under the persecution of this difficult situation, the only way for rare earth enterprises to survive is to extract more rare earths and then sell them in a thinner way. As a result, China's total reserves of rare earths have plummeted, and in the process, the biggest profit is of course foreign buyers. The photovoltaic industry is an emerging industry that integrates new energy and new materials. In recent years, the domestic photovoltaic industry has seen a surge in production capacity driven by new energy policies and stimulated by the international market. At present, China's PV industry has become a major supplier to the global PV industry, and the worsening foreign trade environment has led domestic PV companies to compete for price reductions, killing each other and damaging them. The United States took the opportunity to conduct a double-reverse investigation of China's export of photovoltaic products, which further worsened the cold current of China's photovoltaic industry. If you want to make the photovoltaic industry pick up, you may wish to learn from the experience of the development of the rare earth industry. China holds the precious resources of rare earths, but it is arbitrarily arbitrarily slaughtered. The essence is that we do not have a modern enterprise concept and the industrialization consciousness is backward. Due to the low concentration of industries, the lack of leading enterprises, and the limited use of radiation, China's rare earths cannot form economies of scale, leading to the lack of competitiveness of China's rare earth industry. In order to change the diarrhea of ​​China's rare earth industry, “small, scattered, chaotic, and poor”, the government has adopted a series of measures to rectify and rectify, such as restricting export quotas, and blocking foreign direct purchases of rare earth supply chains in China. With the tightening of the country's export policy on rare earths, the prices of many rare earth elements have risen to varying degrees. The price of rare earths in September 2010 has doubled compared with September 2009. After the Ministry of Commerce officials stated that they will further reduce export quotas in 2011, the price of rare earth has reached the highest point in history. China's photovoltaic industry can learn from the successful experience of the rare earth industry, try to strengthen industry integration and export control by the country, and expand the domestic demand, industrial integration and export control, so that the photovoltaic industry will go out of the valley and see the light again. China's PV industry should also learn how the rare earth industry can turn its way to safety by strengthening industry integration and strengthening industry management. The photovoltaic industry should initiate the integration of the entire industry chain, mobilize financial, logistics, production, trade and other links, coordinate the relationship between major enterprises and importers and exporters, establish import and export alliances, improve the unified external negotiation mechanism, and form a unified external Together, we will completely reverse the unhealthy situation of “industry nests and foreign horses”. In addition, the state should formulate a new energy strategy to revitalize the domestic PV market and curb PV export as soon as possible, and change the situation that the domestic PV industry relies heavily on the international market through measures such as market incitement, financial intervention, industry integration and export restrictions. Instead of letting foreign countries conduct anti-dumping investigations on our PV products exports, it is better to expand domestic demand for photovoltaic products, control the export of photovoltaic products, increase the export prices of photovoltaic products, and lay a good job in defending the price of new energy industries.

Optical Coatings

• Single + Dual Wavelength AR Coatings (VAR / DAR):A single wavelength V-coat will provide reflectance less than 0.25% for 0° incidenceor 0.5% for 45° incidence at the chosen wavelength. Dual wavelength coatings will approach the performance of V-coats for two selected wavelengths. They are useful for optics which must transmit a visible alignment laser as well as a UV or near IR process beam. It is also useful for transmission of fundamental and first harmonic wavelengths.
• Broadband-AR-coatings:Anti-reflection coatings are offered to reduce surface reflections to a minimum. Two types of broadband coating are offered. A single layer of MgF2 on Fused Silica or BK7 reduces reflections per surface to about 1.5% over a broad bandwidth. If lower reflectance is required a multilayer broadband coating will provide an average reflectance less than 0.5% per surface.

• Protected + Enhanced Metallic Coatings (PAL / EAL / PAG / EAG / PAU / EAU)

  Metallic coatings make very broad bandwidth reflectors. Usually it is best to protect the coatings with a durable dielectric layer as they are very soft and susceptible to scratching. The efficiency of metallic reflectors falls off at shorter wavelengths but this may be enhanced by the application of a multi-layer dielectric thin film stack. The table shows the reflectance of each of the metals without any protection or enhancement. Protected metallic coatings have a dielectric coating layer over the metallic layer to protect the coating from being oxidized in the air or from scratched. For enhanced metallic coatings, a stack of dielectric layers are added on the metallic coating to increase reflectance for a particular wavelength range.

• Dielectric High Reflective Coatings:

1. Broadband HR coatings provide an average reflectance of 99% over a broad range of wavelengths. These broadband mirrors may be used for white light or multi-spectral applications.
2. Single wavelength, high power HR coatings are suitable for intra and extra cavity use. They provide the ultimate high reflectance of Rs > 99.8% and Rp > 99% for a specific wavelength. They may be used as a rear cavity reflector or for extra cavity use in beam delivery or turning. Note that Lambda high quality visible laser cavity coatings are designed for low scattering.

• Dichroic Beamsplitters – Beam Combiners – Harmonic Separators (SPD / LPD / BC / HHS)

1. Separate or combine beams with different wavelengths:Separate or combine beams with different wavelengths. These dichroic coatings allow one wavelength region to be transmitted while they reflect another region. They may be used as illustrated to separate or combine different wavelengths. This can be useful when working with alignment lasers or frequency doublers.
2. Dichoric Beamsplitters:These long-pass and short-pass coatings may be applied to any optical component to separate or combine different wavelength regions. They are available for normal and 45° angle of incidence. These coatings are highly effective for the wavelength of interest, reflecting over 99%. While they transmit over 85% of other nearby wavelengths, they are not blocked over a broad spectral range.

• Highly Transmissive AR Coatings For FLIR Applications:

Metallic coatings make very broad bandwidth reflectors. Usually it is best to protect the coatings with a durable dielectric layer as they are very soft and susceptible to scratching. The efficiency of metallic reflectors falls off at shorter wavelengths but this may be enhanced by the application of a multi-layer dielectric thin film stack. The table shows the reflectance. of each of the metals without any protection or enhancement. Protected metallic coatings have a dielectric coating layer over the metallic layer to protect the coating from being oxidized in the air or from scratched. For enhanced metallic coatings, a stack of dielectric layers are added on the metallic coating to increase reflectance for a particular wavelength range.

• IBAR : IR Broadband AR Coatings : Coatings for 3-5 µm and 8 – 12 µm bands

Infra-red broadband anti-reflection coatings are offered for the two broad spectral passbands of 3 – 5 µm and 8-12 µm. Coatings are designed for the refractive index of the substrate so it is necessary to offer separate coatings for different substrate materials. Standard coatings are offered for Zinc Selenide and Germanium. These coatings are highly durable and can be cleaned repeatedly using normal optics handling techniques. They are suitable for high power laser use such as that emitted from a CO2 laser.

Optical Coatings,Optical Grade Coatings,Vampire Optical Coatings,Optical Interference Coatings

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